A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Nowadays cities benefit from two geographical (natural, social, and economical environments) and artificial (man-made environment, and architecture) symbols. Mankind has always been trying to change these two symbols for the sake of his daily activities or earning his life and establishing a dwelling both as an interest and as a shelter. During this process green areas, jungles, and gardens have been changed into skyscrapers and buildings. Bricks, cement, and metallic plates have replaced for attractive views of nature. Today’s citizens have a sad feeling while they see that they have fallen far from the beauties and quietness of nature.To solve this problem, industrialists have developed the green roof technology. Urban planners and architects use it as a ‘back to nature’ process. Green roof is a method to convert the rough, dry, and cold parts of the city into green spots. Besides green roofs can create micro-climatic zones which reduce pollution and improve the living conditions of the citizens.This process is highly advantageous for cities like Tehran which is located in a 730 sq. km. of land delimited by mountains and deserts.67.9 percent of the city is occupied by buildings and about thirteen million people live in this city. Green roofs are good means for reducing these problems of Tehran.

Background: High body mass index (BMI) is associated with many health risks. Studies on the effect of excessive use of electronic media (EM) on high BMI are inconsistent. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between excessive use of EM and BMI among adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 382 students from middle and secondary schools in Kerbala City, Iraq. Data were collected from November 29, 2022, to March 7, 2023. Data collection was performed using a two-part self-report instrument. The first part contained items on participants’,characteristics (including BMI) and the second part was the Excessive Use of Electronic Media Questionnaire (EUEMQ). Data were analyzed using independent t-test, analysis of variance, and linear regression analysis. Results: The mean age of the students was 15. 90 ±,1. 36 years, and most of them were middle school students (62. 6%). Approximately half of the students had a normal BMI, while 22. 2% were overweight or obese. Mean BMI differed significantly between males and females (21. 02±, 5015 vs. 23. 14±, 4. 33, P< 0. 001). The majority of students (47. 4%) spent 2-5 hours on the Internet/electronic media each day. Approximately 56. 8% and 18. 1% of the students reported moderate and severe EM use, respectively. The mean hours spent on the Internet and mean EM use did not differ significantly among students in different BMI categories. However, linear regression analysis showed that male gender (P < 0. 001), number of hours spent online (P = 0. 026), and excessive use of EM (P < 0. 001) significantly influenced BMI. Conclusion: Excessive use of EM was found to increase the likelihood of being overweight in adolescents. Because of the health risks associated with high BMI, education and health authorities, and nurses, need to educate adolescents, about the health risks of excessive use of EM.

This study aimed to determine the crop coefficient of sugar beet using canopy cover extracted from digital images under different irrigation managements. The crop coefficient and canopy cover were directly measured by water balance and image processing methods, respectively, in 10 days intervals during the growing season. The crop coefficient of sugar beet in three irrigation managements with maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of 40%, 60%, and 80%, was estimated using its regression equation with canopy cover. This was modeled for potential conditions and then validated by using the average measurements in two years. The findings showed that the estimated crop coefficients were in good agreement with the observations in irrigation managements that had MAD of 40% and 60%. The coefficient of determination (R2), normalized Root Mean Square Error (nRMSE), and model efficiency (EF) were 0. 95, 0. 11 and 0. 95, for 40% MAD, 0. 9, 0. 13 and 0. 85 for 60% MAD, respectively. The results illustrate that the crop coefficient of sugar beet, within the moisture range between field capacity to a MAD of 60%, can be reliably estimated by this approach. The values of determination coefficient (R2), normalized Root Mean Square Error (nRMSE) and model efficiency (EF) decreased to 0. 49, 0. 37 and 0. 63, respectively, for 80% MAD, indicating poor performance of the model under severe drought stress conditions. The proposed method has some advantages including easy and fast data collection, greater accuracy and lower cost, the ability to provide the desired number of images, and no need for meteorological data. Therefore, this can be applied to study the plant growth and crop coefficient variations during the growth period.

Introduction: High body mass index (BMI) is an indicator of health risk that may affect body image concerns and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of excessive weight on quality of life and body image concern among women referring to beauty and nutrition centers in Nowshahr. Study method: 203 women with body mass index above 25, ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference above 0. 80 and age above 18 years were included in the study from February 1402 to May 1403. Data were collected using three questionnaires: 1-demographic information, 2-(body image concern, BICI) and 3-(SF-quality of life questionnaire). After collecting information and coding the questionnaires, the data was entered into SPSS software version 21 and analyzed at the level of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results showed that there is an inverse relationship between body mass index and body image (p<0. 000) and quality of life (p<0. 000) of women with excessive weight. Discussion: Since the results showed that women with high body mass index reported low body image and quality of life, it is suggested that people with high body mass index undergo various psychological evaluations including self-confidence, body image and quality of life. In general, the findings of this study show the importance of paying attention to the role of psychological factors in women with a high body mass index. Therefore, the results of this study can be included in treatment plans.

Background and objectives: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common mononeuropathy encountered in clinical practice. Conventional electro diagnosis studies have been useful in the diagnosis of this condition. The Terminal Latency Index (TLI) is a derived neurophysiological value that adjusts the Distal motor Latency (DL) for the terminal distance and motor nerve Conduction Velocity (CV).Several studies have suggested utility of the median TLI for diagnosis of CTS.The goal of this study is to evaluate prospectively the sensitivity of the median TLI in the diagnosis of CTS and compare it with other electrodiagnosis techniques.Material and Methods: This study was done on 111 patients as CTS group & 62 healthy subject as control group. In all groups five selected tests of electrodiagnosis were done and all of them were compared with TLI sensitivity.Results: The mean TLI was 0.3±0.05 in the CTS group and 0.42±0.03 in the control group. The sensitivity of TLI was 73% The TLI wasn't statistically better than the other tests, but in three cases from the CTS group, the TLI was the only abnormal test.The 7 and 14 cm method had meaningful sensitivity in contrary to other tests.Conclusion: The sensitivity of TLI has no meaningful difference with other routine electro diagnostic tests in diagnosis of CTS.The median TLI is a useful but not more sensitive electrodiagnostic test for CTS.

Introduction: Three methods of OCRA Index, Strain Index (SI), and ACGIH HAL have been proposed for the assessment of risk factors of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. Investigating the correlation and consistency of these three methods are of prominence importance in the workplaces. Thus, this study aimed to determine the correlations of the results of the above mentioned methods. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 tasks were studied in four industries. For each task, a video taping of a full working cycle was prepared and evaluated according to the instructions of each method. The level of risk exposure to musculoskeletal disorders was analyzed with correlation and Kappa agreement coefficient tests using SPSS (version 16) and R software packages.Results: The correlation between the results of risk assessments of OCRA and SI methods for right and left hands were acceptable and equal to 0.751 and 0.726, respectively (p<0.001). Meanwhile, the coefficients of agreement between OCRA and HAL methods for left and right hands were 0.526 and 0.595, respectively.Conclusion: These findings partly confirmed the agreement between the methods of risk assessment. The origin of this partial agreement can be the number and type of variables and their impacts on the final score of the methods.

With the rapid population increase, the importance of using recycled water has increased the serious crisis of water resources and drought. One of the common methods for removal of pollutant is the process of adsorption by the adsorbent. In this study mesoporous carbon CMK-3, was synthesized, characterized and applied in the process of azo dye Janus Green B. Mesoporous carbon CMK-3 was prepared by using SBA-15 silica material molecular sieve as hard template. Finally this adsorbent was characterized and confirmed by using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscope images (SEM), and chemical analysis (EDX).The effect of contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, electrolyte concentration, and temperature on the removal process of absorbing dye solution was studied. The dye adsorption equilibrium was rapidly attained after 60 min of contact time. Removal of dye in basic solutions was better than in acidic solutions. The adsorption of dye increased with increasing initial dye concentration and salt concentration, but color removal decreased with increasing temperature.